The virus entered the town on March 12
th.
Unseen, unfelt.
Silent circulation within the community was
later to send public health officials into dramatic action with dire
consequences.
Six days later, on March
18
th, the news reported the first confirmed case.
Two days later another one.
The outbreak had begun in the Pacific
Northwest bringing widespread panic.
But this isn’t current day nor is this the Covid 19
virus.
This was a known entity and a
vaccine had been developed.
Quarantine
protocols were known to all.
This is a
true story that took place 158 years ago.
1862.
Victoria in
what later was to be come British Columbia.
Four years since the gold rush on the Fraser River, Fort Victoria was on
the verge of becoming a ‘city’.
A mixture
of wild west with a British heritage, Victoria growing and on the move.
Later that same year the ‘Female Emigration
Society in London’ was successful in bringing 62 marriageable young women to
the predominantly male society aboard the SS Tynemouth. That year also marked
the first gas lights on the streets of Victoria as well as first public
baths.
Enlightenment and egalitarianism were not hallmarks of
1862.
Civil war was raging in the US and
the prevailing opinion on natives was certainly not one of openness and
acceptance.
Wealth created by growth and
opportunity in this still young town becoming a city spread unevenly with English
bred Caucasians enjoying the center of it while Natives in various encampments
around the outskirts of Victoria getting the scraps.
Natives from various tribes and villages up
the coast to Juneau had temporary camps around the more prosperous center of
town.
The arrival of the steamer ‘Brother Jonathon’ from San
Francisco started the outbreak.
Built in
1851, the 220 foot paddle wheel steamer had been owned by Cornelius Vanderbilt,
and was presently owned by the California Steam Navigation Company when it
steamed into Victoria on March 12, 1862.
This was the same ship that 3 years earlier delivered the news to
Portland that President Buchanan had signed the bill officially recognizing
Oregon statehood.
But on this day the ship
arrived with about 350 passengers, mostly seeking a recently announced gold
strike along the Salmon river, along with an invisible, yet far more sinister,
cargo.
Smallpox, like the Covid 19 virus, is highly contagious
prior to presentation of symptoms.
Completely unaware, a person can go about their normal activities
unknowingly infecting their associates, their family and strangers through
moisture droplets of breath.
Once the
incubation period for smallpox is over, the symptoms arrive suddenly.
Severe chills, high fever, loss of appetite
followed by the characteristic lesions which eventually kill the skin.
If the person survives the initial symptoms,
they may succumb later to secondary infections. The fatality rate is between 30
and 75%, depending on the strain of the virus and the one introduced into
Victoria in 1862 was particularly virulent.
Smallpox was with us as humans for at least the last 2,000
years.
It was a well-known and feared
disease.
Between 1796 and the mid 1800’s
progress on vaccinations and regulations surrounding their use were steadily
advancing.
Between 1843 and 1855
Massachusetts then three other states mandated smallpox vaccination.
While only recently eradicated, the human
experience with the virus was well documented by the mid 1800’s.
By 1862, the medical professionals in Victoria knew how
to deal with smallpox through vaccination, inoculation or isolation to prevent
spread.
Isolation can come in two
forms.
Either bring the infected persons
together in a state of quarantine and insulate them from the outside population
or sequester the healthy population together and expel the infected persons to
outlying areas.
Or combinations of those
three general techniques.
Which brings
us back to what the government faced in 1862.
Predictably fear and panic spread.
Just as now, rumors and misinformation mixed
with substantive fact.
The danger was
real and newspaper articles of the day fanned the flames of public opinion.
There was some vaccine available, but not at
times not enough, so inoculation, the less safe practice of taking virus
from a diseased person and injecting it into
the superficial layers of the skin of a healthy person, was more generally
used.
Both methods were not 100% effective,
and both had risks.
On March 26, just 2 weeks after the arrival of the steamer,
the
Daily British Colonist advocated for the removal of all natives to
protect the health of the colonists and warned of great danger amidst
government inaction.
Attitudes along these lines had been
prevalent well prior to the arrival of the virus, but the arrival of the virus
gave new push to old sentiments.
For the next two weeks, the citizens of Victoria were
urged to get vaccinated and by April 1
st, roughly half of the
residents of Victoria were either vaccinated or inoculated per the Daily
British Colonist.
Throughout April of that year, the smallpox virus spread
quietly through the Native population around Victoria.
Unseen at first, the toll worsened each week
as the government wrestled with what to do, with English whites getting the
benefit of vaccination and medical care.
By the end of April, a strident press increased their demands for
government action to remove the increasingly sickly and decimated native
encampments.
Throughout this the tribes local to Victoria and the Puget
Sound area appeared to receive vaccinations.
The tribes from the north camped around Victoria did not.
Encampments from at least 5 Northern tribes
were suffering horribly at the end of April and the government actions lead to
the inescapable conclusion there was far more concern with the risk to the
white population and little if any regard for the welfare of the natives.
With Natives dying at an accelerating rate, authorities
began expelling Natives, first with demands, then finally, on June 11
th,
at
gunpoint. The gunboat ‘Forward’ took a 15 day trip up
to Fort Rupert with 26 canoes in two from various tribes. What was left of the native population was
expelled north. Along with the smallpox
virus. The suffering and devastation that
followed was horrific.
Robert T Boyd, in his work The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence:
Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline among Northwest Coast
Indians, 1774-1874, estimated that some 30,000
aboriginal peoples lived between Victoria and Juneau in 1862. Over the course of that winter, 1862/63,
roughly half would perish to the ravages of smallpox. The rate varied amongst the tribes with some
populations being cut by two thirds.
I’ve read of other accounts
with much higher death rates. What is
known is clear. The virus was introduced
to Victoria. This was a known virus with
known remedies. Infected natives from a
variety of tribes were removed at gunpoint with predictable end result.
There are vast differences
between smallpox and COVID-19, but similarities as well. Ultimately history will judge how we dealt
with this new virus and the values we employed to fight it. History will judge our collective actions,
whether on the front line as health workers, people getting needed product to
market, or those of us sheltering in place.
History will have the final word.
The cautionary tale of history should trigger thoughtfulness and long range
thinking in how to deal with this new virus.